Sources and calculation methods
A source, a practical method and a calculation rule are different things. Below we explain their roles in our guidance and calculators. A citation does not mean every output has been scientifically validated.
Scientific sources
The nutrition calculator cites the publications below for carbohydrates and fluids. Check the population and limitations in each source; a guideline is not a personal measurement.
Jeukendrup A. A Step Towards Personalized Sports Nutrition: Carbohydrate Intake During Exercise. Sports Med. 2014;44(Suppl 1):25–33, Figure 1. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0148-z.
Read the sourceSawka MN et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(2):377–390. Page 384: fluid starting point for marathon runners. Page 385: 20–30 mEq/L sodium in sports drinks for prolonged exercise. This tool shows concentration for rides longer than one hour.
Read the source
Practice references
This comparison comes from our explanation of bike fitting methods. Formulas and reference points provide a starting point. Dynamic measurement requires a different process from our online inputs.
LeMond / Hamley Saddle Height
Baseline saddle height from inseam
Useful for: Simple and repeatable starting point
Limitation: Needs personal adjustment for flexibility and goals
KOPS (Knee Over Pedal Spindle)
Saddle fore-aft reference
Useful for: Easy workshop reference
Limitation: Not a complete performance model
Dynamic / Motion-Capture Fit
Joint angles under pedaling load
Useful for: Rich movement data
Limitation: Requires equipment and specialist time
Our calculation rules and assumptions
Our software also selects fixed assumptions and adjustments. These choices make calculation possible, but they are not separate research findings. The calculators show their inputs, methods and limitations.
The basic tyre pressure calculation assigns 40% of rider and bike weight to the front wheel and 60% to the rear. When bike weight is not supplied, the code uses 8 kg. These are model assumptions, not measurements of your bike.
Check your inputs and test changes step by step. A calculated starting point does not replace observation on the bike. For tyre pressure, also check the permitted tyre and rim combination and pressure limits.